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CELLS.TXT
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1988-12-20
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Cellular Activites
A Quick Overview and Refresher
One of the more useful bits of information for the operator
is the basic principles of cell metabolism. Nearly everything
that is taking place in a plant process is due to this basic life
function. It would follow that the more an operator understands
such functions and their reasons, he should also gain a deeper
understanding into what is taking place in his process...and
thusly be able to control it better.
Some definitions:
1. metabolism - All processes that relate to the use of food
2. anabolism - constructive metabolism
3. catabolism - destructive metabolism
4. protein synthesis is a universal cell anbolism
a. proteins are basic building blocks structurally of
cells (cytoplasm,membranes,intercell inclusions)
b. enzymes are made from proteins
1.) catalysts of specific chemical reactions
c. Proteins are manufactured in Ribosomes via a blueprint
sent from the nucleus via RNA (DNA holds the blueprint and
RNA is the messenger molecule).
5. Cell energy to carry out anabolic or catabolic functions is
derived from "respiration"
6. CELL RESPIRATION
a. Energy released in a cell during respiration results from
the oxidation of glucose. (Mostly in the Mitochondria)
b. Three products result from oxidation of glucose; they are
fuel fragments, hydrogen, and energy
1.) if respiration if complete, the fuel fragment is CO2
2.) pyruvic acid is an intermediate product
c. The hydrogen released during glucose oxidation combines with a
hydrogen receptor(oxygen is usually the receptor)
1.) note the inducing element here is hydrogen; an excess
of available oxygen will not promote glycolysis.
d. the energy released is trapped in ATP(bond energy)
1.) ADP is the product of glucose breakdown. The addition
of a phosphate group creates the energy carrier ATP.
ATP can migrate to any part of the cell where energy is
needed, and by the breakdown of the phosphate group
again, energy is given off...ie the available energy of
most cell metabolism.
7. When a cell dies, it releases the internal
cytoplasm...leaving only the outer cell struture(lyseing)
a. This is usually made up of polysaccarides...large
interchained repeating molecules that are very hard to
break down biochemically.
1.) Cellulose is a major polysaccaride found in plant
cell wall structure.
2.) These products are not easily used as fuels...and
need breaking down more before cells can use them.
Thusly the need for "Digestion"(catabolic enzymes)
8. Nothing in wastewater is so simple as to be all this or
that. The quantities and sheer variant nature preclude a
complexity that remains staggering even to modern
technology. But the more one understands the internal
workings of cell metabolism, the more one can realize the
reasons and functions of the tanks in his process.